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Plant Breeding

... as hybrid seed, produced by outbreeding between different inbred varieties. The vigour of the hybrid plant is probably a major contribution to the increased corn output in the United States. This increased output represents a major achievement for applied genetics. In 1929 practically no hybrid corn was grown among the 100 million acres of corn in the United States. But by 1970 the vast majority of 67 million acres was planted with the hybrid variety, yielding twice as much corn. Plant breeders have a definite advantage over an ...

Number of words: 622 | Number of pages: 3

Integrated Pest Management

... percent, while at the same time improving pest control. If this goal were achieved, the environmental problems would be minimized, and significant benefits would result for farmers and society as a whole. IPM coordinates economically and environmentally acceptable methods of pest control with judicious and minimal use of toxic pesticides. IPM programs assess local conditions, including climate, crop characteristics, the biology of the pest species, and soil quality, to determine the best method of pest control. Tactics employed include b ...

Number of words: 457 | Number of pages: 2

Octopuses

... starts to form, the blastopore does not turn into the anus like in Deuterostomes, but the mouth. And because they are multi-cellular complex creatures (animals), and not plants, fungi, and bacteria, they are classified as Animalia. And because relatively large bodies, this phylum has evolved efficient internal plumbing along with other specialized systems such as well developed open circulatory system, a complete digestive tract, along with excretory and nervous system, they are classified under the Mollusca phylum. It then goes under the ...

Number of words: 1043 | Number of pages: 4

Diverrsity Of Plants

... strands of cells, cuticles, and stomata; many of these plants are much larger that any bryophyte. Seeds evolved between the vascular plants and provided a means to protect young individuals. Flowers, which are the most obvious characteristic of angiosperms, guide the activities of insects and other pollinators so that pollen is dispersed rapidly and precisely from one flower to another of The same species, thus promoting out crossing. Many angiosperms display other modes of pollination, including self-pollination. Evolutionary Origi ...

Number of words: 2857 | Number of pages: 11

Human Cloning -

... technology, which have given way to large anti-cloning groups who are gaining ground as to the future of this awesome power. In truth, cloning could very well be the best, or worst thing ever to happen to mankind. The possibilities of human cloning are vast indeed, but research in the area has been dramatically restricted in the United States and in some other countries. Pro-life groups that oppose free access to abortion have considerable political power, and were able to have all human embryo research banned by the Reagan and Bush admi ...

Number of words: 1292 | Number of pages: 5

Mitochondria

... space. The intermembrane space extends into the folds of the inner membrane called cristae which dramatically increase the surface area of the inner membrane. Cristae extend into a dense material called the matrix, an area which contains RNA, DNA, proteins, ribosomes and range of solutes. This is similar to the contents of the chloroplast stroma and like the chloroplast, the mitochondrion is a semi-autonomous organelles containing the machinery for the production of some of its own proteins. The main function of the mitochondri ...

Number of words: 928 | Number of pages: 4

Nutritional Protocol For Inflammation

... migration to the injury site.(1) This is the acute inflammatory response and it is essential to the healing process. It should be noted that this acute reaction is healthy and we do not want to impede this process. We do, however, wish t aid the healing process in order to resolve the acute inflammatory response before it passes into a chronic state of inflammation. It is th chronic state of inflammation that is always destructive to tissues and is equated to disease.(2) When repair is successful, inflammation becomes a limited phenome ...

Number of words: 1078 | Number of pages: 4

Caffeine 2

... is of primary improtance. Another has some level of importance, and the other two only occur at unrealistically high levels of caffeine in the body. The first of these methods, and the most important, is blocking adenosine receptors. As caffeine has a similar structure to the adenosine group, but also has more heavily electrophilic and nucleophilic functional groups than adenosine as, for instance, seen in cyclic AMP. This means that caffeine will fit adenosine receptors as well as adenosine itself will. Thus, cyclic AMP remains active, rath ...

Number of words: 413 | Number of pages: 2

Multi-regional Continuity: The Fossil Evidence

... rather astonishingly complex. It is useful before discussing the individual fossil specimens to to preface with what exactly is meant by the terms “modern” and “archaic” in reference to skull morphology. “Modern” features in skull morphology as the word is used here include thin cranial walls, small supraorbital ridges, small teeth, small eye sockets, broad, flat foreheads, large cranial volume (above 1200 cc.), low prognathism in the area of the lower face, and a high, vaulted shape in the area of the cra ...

Number of words: 1080 | Number of pages: 4

Heart Murmurr

... will actually have heart disease. Murmurs that are not associated with heart disease are referred to as innocent murmurs. Most children diagnosed with a heart murmur have innocent murmurs. There are several different types of innocent murmurs. In the newborn and infancy period, a common innocent murmur heard is called pulmonary flow murmur. This is caused by the flow of blood through the pulmonary artery, which takes blood to the lungs. The arteries are still slightly narrow, and, therefore, blood flow through them will cause a murmur. As ...

Number of words: 888 | Number of pages: 4

Headaches Their Causes And Effects

... affecting only one side of the head and often accompanied by many symptoms. Although many people use the word “Migraine” to describe any severe headache, this is not correct. Migraines are a specific headache caused by changes in the blood vessels that supply the brain. Usually, Migraines become less frequent with increasing age and are relatively uncommon after the age of 50. After interviewing my grandmother, who is a special case Migraine sufferer, she told me that her Migraines began when she was seven. Often in school she ...

Number of words: 633 | Number of pages: 3

Solar Cells

... to go back to some basic atomic concepts. In the simplest model of the atom, electrons orbit a central nucleus, composed of protons and neutrons. each electron carries one negative charge and each proton one positive charge. Neutrons carry no charge. Every atom has the same number of electrons as there are protons, so, on the whole, it is electrically neutral. The electrons have discrete kinetic energy levels, which increase with the orbital radius. When atoms bond together to form a solid, the electron energy levels merge into bands. ...

Number of words: 1163 | Number of pages: 5

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