Part one of term paper
«The emphasis (of MBO) is on trying to predict and influence the future rather than on responding and reacting by the seat of the pants. It is also a ‘results-oriented’ philosophy of management, one of which emphasizes accomplishments and results. The focus is generally on change and on improving both individual and organizational effect ...

Part two of term paper
... under the central rule when the tsar was the only decision-making body in the country. The communication between the rulers and ruled was flowing only one-way. The landlords, owning the farmers, set quotes to farmers without thinking whether they would be able to achieve them. Afterwards, when the bolshewiks came to rule instead of the monarchy, the same thing happened. Working for a state enterprise, the employees didn’t have a chance to set objectives for their work they performed. The centra ...